Finance & Accounting
Definition
Accounts payable (AP) is money a business owes to its vendors and suppliers for goods or services received but not yet paid for. It appears as a current liability on the balance sheet and represents the business's short-term payment obligations.
Accounts payable arises when a company receives goods or services on credit terms — agreeing to pay the supplier within a specified period (typically net-30 or net-60). Until payment is made, the obligation is recorded as a liability. AP management involves balancing cash conservation (paying as late as permitted) against supplier relationship management and capturing early payment discounts. Days Payable Outstanding (DPO = AP ÷ Daily COGS) measures how long, on average, a company takes to pay its suppliers — higher DPO means the company is using supplier credit effectively as a form of financing. In cash flow analysis, an increase in AP is a source of cash (you're holding onto money longer); a decrease is a use of cash. AP and AR together form the core of working capital management.
Optimizing your AP process — capturing early payment discounts, negotiating favorable terms with suppliers, and avoiding late penalties — can meaningfully improve your cash position. An accountant or financial advisor can help you build AP workflows that improve working capital without damaging supplier relationships.